International trade

 International Trade?
 Is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This work gives rise to a world economy, it lead to prices affect and are affected by global events. Political are changing in Asia.
 Ex:If you buy a shoes in US, then it'll cost you like 50$. But same shoes you buy in Viet Nam may cost about 70-90$ because of the following problem.

International trade have lots of problems and difficulties.

1. Distance:

 Long distance between different countries, it is difficult to close trade contacts between traders. Buyers and sellers rarely meet one another.

There is a great time lag between placement of order and receipt of goods from foreign countries. Distance creates higher costs of transportation and greater risks.

2. Different languages:

 Languages are spoken and written in different countries. Price lists and catalogues are different in foreign languages. Advertisements and correspondence have to be done in other languages.

A trader wishing to buy or sell goods abroad must know the foreign language or employ somebody who knows that language.

3. Transportation and communication:

Dispatch and receipt of goods takes a longer time and involves considerable expenses. During the war and natural calamities, transpor­tation of goods becomes even more difficult. Similarly, the costs of sending or receiving informa­tion are very high.

4. Risk in transit:

Foreign trade involves much greater risk than home trade. Goods have to be transported over long distances and they are exposed to perils of the sea. Many of these risks can be covered through marine insurance but increases the cost of goods.

5. Lack of information about foreign businessmen:

Lost of direct and close relationship between buyers and sellers. Special steps are necessary to verify the creditworthiness of foreign buyers. It is difficult to obtain reliable information concerning the financial position and business standing of the foreign traders. Therefore, credit risk is high.

6. Import and export restrictions:

Every country charges customs duties on imports to protect its home industries. Similarly, tariff rates are put on exports of raw materials. Importers and exporters have to face tariff restrictions.

They are required to fulfil several customs formalities and rules. Foreign trade policy, procedures, rules and regulations differ from country to country and keep on changing from time to time.

7. Documentation:

Both exporters and importers have to prepare some documents which include expenditure of time and money.

8. Study of foreign markets:

 Foreign market has its own characteristics. It has require­ments, customs, weights and measures, marketing methods, etc., of its own. An extensive study of foreign markets is essential for success in foreign trade. It is very difficult to collect accurate and up to date information about foreign markets.

9. Problems in payments:

Every country have their own amount of money and their own way to payment.Remittance of money for payments in foreign trade involves much time and expense. Due to wide time gap between dispatch of goods and receipt of payment, there is greater risk of bad debts.

10. Frequent market changes:

It is difficult to anticipate changes in demand and supply conditions abroad. Prices in international markets may change frequently. Such changes are due to entry of new competitors, changes in buyers' preferences, changes in import duties and freight rates, fluctuations in exchange rates, etc.

Benefits of International Trade

_Create work and jobs in every country and new business.
_New company.
_Choise of goods and product.

International Trade Issues

U.S. citizens are linked to the international problem of child labor in part through our trade relationships with other countries. It is well-documented that some of the mined, manufactured, and agricultural goods produced for export to the United States involve the use of child laborers or forced labor. In 2010, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a report entitledList of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor which lists 128 products from 70 countries that have been documented to involved the use of child labor or forced labor.

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Healthcare

Healthcare system?

Health provision varies around the world. Almost all wealthy nations provide universal health care (the US is an exception). Health provision is challenging due to the costs required as well as various social, cultural, political and economic conditions.

There isn’t one answer to health care provision, but a number of systems and issues seem to be emerging. This page provides a high level overview.

Inverse care

People with the most means – whose needs for health care are often less – consume the most care, whereas those with the least means and greatest health problems consume the least. Public spending on health services most often benefits the rich more than the poor in high- and low-income countries alike.

Impoverishing care

Wherever people lack social protection and payment for care is largely out-of-pocket at the point of service, they can be confronted with catastrophic expenses. Over 100 million people annually fall into poverty because they have to pay for health care.

Fragmented and fragmenting care

The excessive specialization of health-care providers and the narrow focus of many disease control programs discourage a holistic approach to the individuals and the families they deal with and do not appreciate the need for continuity in care. Health services for poor and marginalized groups are often highly fragmented and severely under-resourced, while development aid often adds to the fragmentation.

Unsafe care

Poor system design that is unable to ensure safety and hygiene standards leads to high rates of hospital-acquired infections, along with medication errors and other avoidable adverse effects that are an underestimated cause of death and ill-health.

Misdirected care

Resource allocation clusters around curative services at great cost, neglecting the potential of primary prevention and health promotion to prevent up to 70% of the disease burden. At the same time, the health sector lacks the expertise to mitigate the adverse effects on health from other sectors and make the most of what these other sectors can contribute to health.

There are numerous ways such a system is provided, for example:

·         Government funded (tax paid) national systems

·         Government funded but user fees to top up (often at point of use)

·         Health insurance systems (funded by governments, citizens, or some mixture)

·         Decentralized, private systems run for profit or not for profit

Different parts of the world have used different means for health care and generally, poorer nations have struggled to provide adequate health care.

 these are some countries have the best or worst healthcare system in the world.

Should Drugs be Illegal?

What is drug? A drug is, in the broadest of terms, a chemical substance that has known biological effects on humans or other animals. Foods are generally excluded from this definition, in spite of their physiological effects on animal species.

At present, in the United States, many different drugs such as cocaine, heroin, crack, ice and marijuana are illegal. This seems reasonable, as substances such as these can be addictive, mind-altering, and in some cases lethal. However, the United States out to legalize these and other drugs in spite of these facts. This is not to advocate the use of these drugs - they are harmful, both physically and emotionally. But legalization will help to alleviate our drug problem, while helping the American economy.

There are millions of people in our country who are addicted to narcotics. Will drug use rise significantly as a result of legalization? Bennett argues, "The lesson is clear: If you're in favor of drugs being sold in stores like aspirin, you're in favor of boom times for drug users and drug addicts. With legalization, drug use will go up, way up." (W. Bennett, "Mopping Up After The Legalizers: What the Intellectual Chorus Fails to Tell You", Washington Times, December 15, 1989). He voices a legitimate concern, as no one wants to see these products become even more widespread in an already drug-infested society.

Another benefit of legalization would be a decrease in the incidence of infectious viruses (such as HIV) that are spread by sharing needles intravenously, as there would be a new market for legitimate drug paraphernalia. One expert notes that, "... about 25 percent of all AIDS cases here and in Europe, as well as the large majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-infected heterosexuals, children and infants are believed to have contracted the disease from illegal intravenous drug use"(Nadelman, E: "Drugs; The Case for legalization", Washington Post October 8). The days of people struggling to find any sharp (and often infected object to inject their drugs with would be over; safe needles would become as easy to find as cigarette holders. This health improvement alone would save the United States billions of dollars in the long run, and might be an important impetus in alleviating a deadly, world-wide epidemic.

Legalizing drugs, then, would save the United States a large sum of money, but what about the fight to stop drug use? Several different programs could be set up with the savings that the nation would enjoy as a result of drug legalization. The nation could use some of the billions of dollars it would save to promote better programs on the effects of addictive and mind-altering drugs. The United States could also utilize these funds by creating more hospitals for people who are affected by drug addiction. In addition, the nation could conduct more research to find out how to treat those who are addicted to these drugs; this disease could be treated as such instead of as a crime.